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Fort Vrmac
Fort Vrmac (Montenegrin: ''Tvrđava Vrmac''/Тврђава Врмац, German: ''Werk Vermac'') is a former fortification of the Austro-Hungarian Empire located on the southern end of the Vrmac ridge near Kotor in Montenegro. Established in 1860, the present structure was built between 1894–7 and saw action during the First World War, when it was heavily bombarded by the Montenegrins. It was repaired and disarmed before the end of the war and was abandoned after a period of occupation by Yugoslav troops. Today it is one of the best preserved Austro-Hungarian fortifications in the Bay of Kotor area.
==Background==
The southernmost tip of the Austro-Hungarian Empire included the area of the Bay of Kotor, which was used by the empire as a major naval base centred on the town of Kotor (known then as ''Cattaro''). The hinterland behind the bay was controlled by the independent principality (later kingdom) of Montenegro, which controlled the mountains to the east of Kotor.〔Sullivan, p. 7〕
The Austro-Hungarians faced significant problems in holding on to the territory, as the Montenegrins and their Russian allies aspired to take control of the Bay and Austrian rule was not universally accepted by the area's inhabitants. Two serious rebellions were mounted by the powerful Krivošije clan who lived on the eastern flanks of Mount Orjen above Risan. In 1869 the clan defeated an Austro-Hungarian force sent to quell their rebellion, but Austrian control was reimposed in 1882. The Austrians responded to the uprising by building a series of fortifications around the Bay of Kotor and at strategic points further inland, and strengthening existing fort, including the one at Vrmac.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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